The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Volume 155 Issue 1 2025

Title	The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Volume 155 Issue 1 2025
Edition	Volume 155 Issue 1 2025
Call Number
ISBN/ISSN
Author(s)
Subject(s)	Clinical Nutrition
Classification
Series Title
GMD	Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Language	Indonesia
Publisher	2025
Publishing Year
Publishing Place	Amerika
Collation
Abstract/Notes	Background: Epidemiologic evidence linking blood pressure (BP) and body weight-lowering effects with fruit and vegetable consumption mostly relies on self-reported dietary assessment prone to misreport and under- or overestimation of relationships. Objectives: We aimed to characterize objective 24-h urinary metabolites and a derived metabolite score associated with fruit and vegetable intake and assessed their associations with BP and BMI, with validation across cohorts. Methods: We used untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H NMR) of 2 timed repeated 24-h urine collections from free-living participants from the US (n 1⁄4 2032) and the UK (n 1⁄4 449) of the cross-sectional International Study of Macro-/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP). We evaluated correlations between fruit and vegetable intake assessed by 24-h dietary recalls with 7100 1 H NMR features, adjusted for confounders and multiple testing. We related identified metabolites and a metabolite score with BP and BMI using extensively adjusted multiple linear regression models. Results: We characterized 11 1 H NMR-derived 24-h urinary metabolites related to fruit and vegetable intake, reproducible across multiple 24-h urine collections of both cohorts. Proline betaine, citrate, N-methylproline, scyllo-inositol, 2-hydroxy-2-(4-methyl cyclohex-3-en-1-yl) propoxyglucuronide, and proline were associated with fruit intake, specifically with Rutaceae intake, whereas S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide metabolite were associated with Brassicaceae intake. The metabolite score, explaining 39.8% of fruit and vegetable intake, was inversely associated with systolic BP [1.65 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.68, 0.62; P < 0.002] and BMI (1.21 kg/m2 ; 95% CI: 1.62, 0.78; P < 0.0001). These associations were, to a large extent, explained by urinary citrate excretion. Conclusions: We identified 1 H NMR-derived urinary metabolites associated with fruit and vegetable consumption, consistent and repro- ducible between urine collections and across populations. A higher fruit and vegetable-related metabolite score showed associations with lower systolic BP and BMI, mainly mediated by citrate, but would need confirmation in further studies. Keywords: Biomarkers, blood pressure, body mass index, cardiovascular disease risk factors, 24-h dietary recalls, fruit and vegetables, urinary metabolites
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